At the young age of 31, having already solidified his place in literary history with the serialized novels The Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickleby, the great novelist Charles John Huffam Dickens was in the midst of a career slump, and needed a new published work, something with popular appeal to make a profit. The resulting novella, published in December 1843, was Dickens' most famous work: A Christmas Carol. Drawing on medieval traditions of ghost stories told at Christmas, many of which told of spirits from beyond the grave appearing to the living to remind them of their Christian duties, and injecting his own usual liberal social commentary on the pious hypocrisies of Victorian culture, A Christmas Carol was a plea for Christian charity, especially in the wake of an Industrial Revolution which worsened the conditions for the poor while the rich got richer, and social welfare programs had been overhauled to lower the tax burden on the upper class while resulting in the inhumane treatment of those who the laws were meant to protect.
Dickens' story tells of Ebenezer Scrooge, a shrewd and miserly businessman who is visited on Christmas Eve by the ghost of his seven-years-dead business partner, Jacob Marley, who warns him of the purgatory that awaits him if he does not change his greedy, apathetic ways. Scrooge is then visited by the Spirit of Christmas Past, who reminds him of how he got to where he is, the Ghost of Christmas Present, who shows him what he is missing by denying the milk of human kindness, and the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, a silent wraith who warns him of the path his life is set in. The experience brings Scrooge to his redemption, and he emerges Christmas morning a changed man, full of charity and benevolence toward his fellow men.
Only a few months after its publication, A Christmas Carol was adapted to the stage multiple times, and in 1901, the first film adaptation of it was made- titled SCROOGE, OR MARLEY'S GHOST, and running only 6 minutes and 20 seconds (only 4 minutes and 55 seconds of which still survives today). It's one of the most frequently adapted books for film and television, and usually quite faithfully adapted, even in versions that star Jim Henson's irreverent Muppets, and yet, funnily enough, they all have widely varied takes on the Ghost of Christmas Past, thanks to a detailed and yet strangely ambiguous description in the book.
SCROOGE aka A CHRISTMAS CAROL (DRAMA/FANTASY, 1951)
Directed by Brian Desmond-Hurst
Starring: Alastair Sim, Mervyn Johns, Hermione Baddeley, Michael Hordern, Glyn Dearman, George Cole, Rona Anderson, Michael Dolan, John Charlesworth, Francis de Wolff, Carol Marsh, Brian Worth
Not Rated (PG-level; some mild thematic elements and scary moments).
86 minutes
There are literally dozens of adaptations of
A Christmas Carol to the screen, but by a modest margin, the 1951 British version, SCROOGE, released here in the States as A CHRISTMAS CAROL, is the critical darling out of the assortment. It is not an undeserved position though; I would at least consider it within close proximity to the best, if it isn't the best itself. Like some of the other holiday movie stalwarts that receive perennial viewing year after year, it really solidified its footing thanks to repeat airings on TV for a number of years. What makes it stand out so prominently in the crowded field however, is the rare script that dares to deviate from the same rote checklist of adapting Dickens' novella, giving it a sense of freshness even decades since it was made. There are so many
Christmas Carol movies, and nearly all of them use the same familiar pieces of dialogue taken verbatim from the page, the same plot points, and any deviation taken from that formula is usually quirky or a stylistic flourish. The screenplay by Noel Langley, who was also one of the main writers on the iconic 1939 classic, THE WIZARD OF OZ, expands heavily upon the Ghost of Christmas Past segment, taking the opportunity to really dig into the meat of the Scrooge character (played by Alastair Sim, by far his most famous role), showing his seduction by greed and apathy alongside his business partner and sole friend, Jacob Marley (Michael Hordern), the hardening of his heart as those close to him leave or die. I'm always iffy about the Christmas Past part of the story, because it mostly feels like exposition to me, spoon-feeding of the character background on Scrooge with little or no consequence to the story at large, but this adaptation makes it more relevant, more interesting and more impacting. Where other adaptations have turned the characters of this story into stock characters, the sort that can easily enough be swapped out for a well-known brand-name character like Mr. Magoo or Scrooge McDuck, this 1951 film fleshes them out into engaging characters with nuance and humor. Sim does not display a great deal of range as Scrooge, but he is fitting in the role, and his delivery is often tinged with humor and the unexpected- it is the role he was meant for. Tiny Tim, as played by Glyn Dearman, is not quite so tiny, standing not much shorter than his mother (Hermione Baddely, who you might remember as the maid from MARY POPPINS), but he's fine, no more sentimental or cheesy than other Tiny Tims, and not too prominent in this version. The black-and-white production (don't you
dare watch the "colorized" version) is glorious and richly atmospheric, and the ghostly special effects, while some of them are dated (thinking of the "air filled with phantoms" when Scrooge looks out his window), are perfectly serviceable, and the limitations of 1951 effects often work to their benefit, keeping it simple.
It's a beautiful film that runs at a brisk pace, and it's the
Christmas Carol that other productions since have aspired to be, but with perhaps one exception, remains unequaled.
And the Ghost of Christmas Past Appears as: 67 year old actor Michael Dolan, wearing a white gown with a holly garland, and long white hair.
SCROOGE (FAMILY-MUSICAL/FANTASY, 1970)
Directed by Ronald Neame
Starring: Albert Finney, Edith Evans, Kenneth More, David Collings, Michael Medwin, Richard Beaumont, Francis Cuka, Suzanne Neve
Rated G (PG-level; some mild language and scary moments).
113 minutes
This was a weird one, with a lot of hit-and-miss going on. Albert Finney stars as Ebenezer Scrooge, although he was only 34 at the time, and thus plays Scrooge as an old man and in his youth (it's a lot easier to make a young person look old than to make an old person look young). 1970s SCROOGE is unique as it's an old school Hollywood-style musical adaptation of
A Christmas Carol, and it brings a bit of that inherent corniness with it. The songs themselves are unimpressive overall, and often goofy, although possibly the best of the soundtrack (such as it is) is
"Christmas Children", which you've probably heard a cover of on the radio around the holidays (you know, the one with the
"But 'til Christmas morning no one knows/ Won't it be exciting if it snows?" and
"I believe that story we've been told/ Christmas is for children young and old"). There's also an amusing musical moment where, Scrooge, in the Christmas Yet to Come segment, sees the people of London singing his praises for something he has done for them (you know, dying), and he jumps in front of the crowd singing
"Thank You Very Much", oblivious to the coffin being carried out his front door just behind him.
1970's SCROOGE isn't terrible, but most of it is too goofy and too frothy to really satisfy. Much as I like Finney, I have mixed feelings about him in this role, because he's too cartoony to be believable. He scowls beneath bushy eyebrows and acts impudently and gets drunk on the "milk of human kindness" (okay, well, that bit was a little funny). Alec Guinness is in the role of Jacob Marley, a prospect that had me excited, but much like the rest of the film, he just plays it silly, which was disappointing. I like my Marleys with pathos. The movie doesn't hit the crazy with full throttle until Scrooge get to Hell though. Yes, you read that right; in this movie, Scrooge actually visits Hell. The scene, which acts as the film's climax immediately following Scrooge's encounter with the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, is a tiny bit controversial for being "too frightening," which just seems ridiculous, because the scene is so silly and over-the-top, with Marley escorting Scrooge to his new chambers in Hell as Lucifer's personal clerk, but it is sometimes edited from TV versions.
What I do really love about this version, however, is the set design, especially earlier in the film, like the
"Christmas Children" sequence, with frosted windows glowing with candlelight and sprigs of holly and such, all the sort of things that I associate with the idea of a Dickensian Christmas.
And the Ghost of Christmas Past Appears as: 82 year old actress Edith Evans in the fashion of a prim and proper Victorian duchess.
A CHRISTMAS CAROL (DRAMA/FANTASY, 1984)
Directed by Clive Donner
Starring: George C. Scott, David Warner, Frank Finlay, Angela Pleasence, Edward Woodward, Susannah York, Anthony Walters, Roger Rees, Lucy Gutteridge, Mark Strickson
Rated PG for unspecified reasons (some mild language, scary moments and thematic elements).
100 minutes
This TV movie adaptation of Charles Dickens' book, originally aired on CBS on December 17, 1984, is my other favorite film version of the tale. I don't typically care for TV movies, but this one has an added oomph that many others lack, thanks to an incredible cast and surprisingly strong production values, shot on location in the historic medieval market town of Shrewsbury, England. It is shot like a TV production however, with tighter angles and closer shots than would be in a theatrical production, so I imagine it would look strange on the big screen (think last February's SON OF GOD), even though it was release theatrically in the UK. The incomparable George C. Scott stars as Ebenezer Scrooge (a rare American in the role), the prosperous but ruthless and apathetic businessman, and David Warner co-stars as his benevolent clerk, Bob Cratchit. Warner is atypically warm as Cratchit, but Scott, as usually, is firing on all cylinders as Scrooge, with his growling vocals, sharp wit and subtlety. Edward Woodward is one of the best incarnations of the Ghost of Christmas Present, boisterously jovial but with a layer of menace just beneath the surface, ripping Scrooge a new one regularly. Frank Finlay, known for playing the buffoonish Porthos in Richard Lester's under-appreciated THE THREE MUSKETEERS (1973), is the absolute definitive Jacob Marley, performed with intense pathos, sadness that occasionally intensifies into outburst of frustrated rage. In his only scene, Finlay knocks it way out of the park. What I really love about this version though is that, unlike so many other adaptations in which Scrooge is threatened with damnation for not liking Christmas and or cutting people a break on the contracts they signed, which hardly sounds damnation-worthy, Scrooge is guilty of more than hating Christmas or practicing tough business ethics. Scrooge is not malicious, but his great crime, one of inaction which people are too often too wiling to excuse, is apathy, a crime we ignore because we don't know that effect. The Ghost of Christmas Present, near the end of his time, brings Scrooge to a starving family by the river, struggling to survive and stay together as a family. "Why do you show me this? What has it to do with me?"
Outraged at Scrooge's unfeeling nature, the Ghost shouts, "Are they not of the human race?" Are they not?
And the Ghost of Christmas Past Appears as: 43 year old actress Angela Pleasence, wearing a white gown and holding an olive branch in one hand and a large snuffer cap in the other, while emanating a bright light from her head.
THE MUPPET CHRISTMAS CAROL (FAMILY/MUSICAL-COMEDY, 1992)
Directed by Brian Henson
Starring:
Michael Caine, Dave Goelz (puppeteer/voice), Steve Whitmire
(puppeteer/voice), Jerry Nelson (puppeteer/voice), Frank Oz
(puppeteer/voice), David Rudman (puppeteer/voice), Jessica Fox (voice),
Steven Mackintosh, Robin Weaver, Meredith Braun
Rated G
85 minutes
THE
MUPPET CHRISTMAS CAROL was the first movie starring the Muppets since
the death of Muppet creator Jim Henson in 1990, with Jim's son Brian
Henson taking the reins as director and producer. Although the idea had
been suggested by Jim Henson prior to his death, the film was a noted
departure from previous Muppet movies, in which the Muppet characters
themselves were the characters in the stories. Here, the Muppets
portray the literary characters of
A Christmas Carol, a
not at all an unheard of treatment of the classic novella, as it had
probably been done first in the animated television special
Mr. Magoo's Christmas Carol (1962), starring the UPA cartoon character, and again in
Bugs Bunny's A Christmas Carol (1979), starring the Looney Tunes stable of characters, and
Mickey's A Christmas Carol
(1983), starring Walt Disney's stable of cartoon characters. Of such
adaptations of the book however, the Muppets are the only collection of
popular characters to adapt it to feature length, and it's also the best
of the bunch. It's a decent introduction to the material for kids and
entertaining for adults as well, even if it's knowingly not the most
sophisticated film version of
A Christmas Carol, or even the
best. It is more faithful than one might expect, which makes it a
little weird as a starring vehicle for the Muppets, because it includes
Muppets talking about God, faith and death, and of course, Muppets die
in this movie. You get that? Muppets can die, and then they have
funerals, decay in graves, and in some cases, come back as spirits
who've been damned for all eternity. Muppets.
The story is
basically the same as you've seen it a dozen times before, with Michael
Caine starring as Ebeneezer Scrooge, the miserly but talented capitalist
who hates the celebration of Christmas, but takes sadistic delight in
the opportunity to foreclose on debtors who have made exception on their
frugality for the seasonal frivolities. Kermit the Frog (performed by
Steve Whitmire, taking over from Jim Henson) is Bob Cratchit, Scrooge's
humble bookkeeper, who works for little pay to support his family,
including his feisty wife Emily (Miss Piggy, as performed by Frank Oz)
and crippled son Tiny Tim (Robin, as performed by Jerry Nelson). As the
story is narrated by Charles Dickens (Gonzo the Great, as performed by
Dave Goelz), with his pal Rizzo the Rat (also performed by Whitmire),
Scrooge is visited on Christmas Eve by the ghosts of his
long-deceased business partners, Jacob and Robert Marley (Statler &
Waldorf, performed by Nelson and Goelz, respectively) now damned to an
eternity of torment for their lives of avarice, who announce to him the
appearance of three more spirits during the course of the night, as an
attempt to offer Scrooge a chance of redemption.
And the Ghost of Christmas Past Appears as: An elaborate special effect; a physical puppet operated in side a water tank then superimposed onto the film, brightly glowing and doll-like in appearance in white robes, voiced by Jessica Fox.
DISNEY'S A CHRISTMAS CAROL (FANTASY/ANIMATION, 2009)
Directed by Robert Zemeckis
Starring: Jim Carrey, Gary Oldman, Colin Firth, Bob Hoskins, Robin Wright Penn, Cary Elwes, Daryl Sabara, Lesley Manville
Rated PG for scary sequences and images.
96 minutes
You've got to feel a little bit bad for Robert Zemeckis. The Academy Award-winning filmmaker best known for making certified classics BACK TO THE FUTURE and WHO FRAMED ROGER RABBIT spent most of the 2000s pioneering and championing motion capture (also referred to as "mo-cap" or performance capture) technology and digital 3D, only to see them finally break out in a big way with James Cameron's AVATAR, released less than two months after Zemeckis' own 3D motion capture animated film, A CHRISTMAS CAROL (or DISNEY'S A CHRISTMAS CAROL, for marketing and differentiating purposes) was a box office disappointment. In filming mo-cap, which can be done to create a digital character in a live action film (i.e., Gollum in THE LORD OF THE RINGS) or a fully-animated film, actors perform scenes in spandex leotards covered in sensors which the camera picks up, and in a computer, the performances can be rendered into the computer-generated digital character's movements. A major dilemma for mo-cap, ever since the first fully mo-cap animated
film, Zemeckis' THE POLAR EXPRESS, is the so-called "uncanny valley." The uncanny valley refers to a phenomenon in
which a depiction of human likeness looks so human, without being quite
"human," and results in a feeling of revulsion. On the one end, are
stylized human likenesses that range from something as exaggerated as
Mickey Mouse to C-3PO, the "cute" end of the spectrum; one the other end
are photographic depictions of actual humans. Somewhere in between
that is the uncanny valley, which, to put it in a fashion as disturbing
as the appearance of THE POLAR EXPRESS characters, looks like a dead
human body being operated like a puppet on strings. To date, Zemeckis's last motion capture animated venture was MARS NEEDS MOMS, which he produced through his company ImageMovers Digital, and was one of the biggest box-office bombs of all time (grossing $39 million worldwide off a $150 million; reportedly the second-biggest studio film write-off ever behind last year's 47 RONIN).
A CHRISTMAS CAROL is easily Zemeckis' most visually ambitious mo-cap
film, made on a massive $200 million estimated budget (that's in the
same arena as top-tier summer blockbusters), and the money is on the screen. Comedian Jim Carrey stars as Scrooge, as well as the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come, and as Scrooge, he's just fine, although as the Ghosts (obviously not the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, who appears mainly in shadow and simply gestures), he's doesn't quite have the range to differentiate all four characters. To the movie's credit however, their is some acknowledgement to the implicit connection between Scrooge and the spirits. Gary Oldman co-stars as Bob Cratchit (probably the movie's creepiest-looking major character), as well as Tiny Tim (just the physical performance, with the voice provided by Ryan Ochoa) and Jacob Marley. As great an actor as Oldman is, his Marley is too vacuous and creepy to really be really appealing, which is lot like the movie at large at times. Zemeckis' interests in A CHRISTMAS CAROL appear to be mainly in rendering the old Dickensian London in lush and extravagant detail then flying his camera through it with in all kinds of swinging and swooping "fly-throughs" that openly defy the laws of physics, and secondly, in emphasizing the grisly horrors of Dickens' famous ghost story. It may be Disney, but to say this is a 'family film' is a borderline dubious claim. In the novella, Marley is described as "taking
off the bandage round its [Marley's] head, as if it were too warm to wear
in-doors, its lower jaw dropped down upon its breast." Rather than being satisfied with his mouth falling open, this Marley's cheeks rip (yes, rip) apart with his full lower jaw disconnecting and dangling by flesh, then Marley uses his hands to manually move his jaw up and down to continue talking. These moments are occasionally "lightened" by inappropriately broad, goofy humor, such as Scrooge tying his jaw back up to high, over his nose, or an extended scene in which Scrooge flees from the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come and inexplicably shrinks to the size of a bug, accompanied by a high-pitched voice. But outside of that latter sequence, and only occasional flourishes, the script is enormously faithful to a fault.
The animation is very richly detailed, and definitely the most refined of Zemeckis' mo-cap films, in particular with Scrooge, a character that benefits from a stylized design, hunched and twisted with a crone's nose. Many of the supporting characters though, in particular the women characters such as Scrooge's sister Fan and Belle (both played Robin Wright), still exhibit the dreaded dead-eye syndrome. It's the most lavishly-produced film adaptation of
A Christmas Carol around, but it's simply missing a heart.
And the Ghost of Christmas Past Appears as: A literal candle, speaking in an Irish brogue, a face inside the candle flame and holding a snuffer cap.